Underwater Kinetics
What is a Tsunami?
Earth's crust is composed of many large rock slabs called tectonic plates. These plates constantly move slowly over the surface of Earth, colliding with each other, too long together, and away from each other. When the stress by these movements increases beyond a certain level, the stored energy breaks the crust and creates a fracture called a fault. The pressure also released makes the earth-shaking vibrations associated with an earthquake.
The vibration transmitting the shock of an earthquake are called seismic waves. These waves travel in all directions, like ripples from a stone thrown into a pond. The area where the energy is first released because of an earthquake is called the focus. The focus is underground in a shallow, intermediate and deep deep down about 700 kilometers. The epicenter is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus. Seismic waves travel through both the earth and along its surface. The waves travel through the Earth are called body waves, the two main types are P (primary waves) and S (secondary) waves. P waves stretch and compress the rock on its way through the Earth. These waves move faster in about 6.4 miles per second. S waves move the rock on its way up and down and side to side. They move at about 3.2 kilometers per second. Seismic waves travel along the Earth's surface are called surface waves or waves L (long). The two main types, namely, Rayleigh waves and waves of love, are so named after two prominent seismologists. Although surface waves move more slowly than body waves (less than 3.2 kilometers per second) that cause most damage. Rayleigh waves cause the surface soil on its way to small waves ripple. Love waves move in a zigzag along the ground. Both Rayleigh and Love waves broke avalanches, landslides, earthquakes and other damage.
An earthquake can be measured in two ways: by the intensity (strength) and magnitude (soil cover). Although the intensity an earthquake is usually described through the perceptions of people and amount of property destroyed, the magnitude is measured by using seismographs or devices detect the movement of earth. The intensity can be measured using the modified Mercalli scale, first developed by the Italian seismologist Giuseppe Mercalli (1850-1914) in 1902. The scale is divided into 12 levels, from level 1 means "felt by the few" at 12 means "total damage" and compares the effects on the surface of earthquakes each other.
A tsunami is a tidal wave created by an underwater earthquake, volcano or landslide. When one part of sea bottom sea bottom () rises or falls, the water moves or moves, producing a large wave. A tsunami crosses the deep ocean at speeds of up to 800 km hour, but it can only be detected on the surface as a low-wave (a wave without crest). As the wave approaches the shallow waters near the coast, slows down and goes up dramatically, often as much as 60 feet. Then hit the ground with an unstoppable force. A wall of water formed when a large tsunami enters directly into a bay or estuary, and can move many miles upstream.
Magnitude is measured by the Richter scale, seismologist developed by Charles F. U.S. Richter (1900-1985) in 1935. The Richter scale compares the energy released by an earthquake to the energy released by other earthquakes. Each unit increase in value in the scale indicates an increase of 10 times the energy released and a 30 times increase in ground motion. Therefore, an earthquake measuring 6 on the Richter scale is 10 times more powerful than an earthquake with a value of 5, which is 10 times more powerful than an earthquake with a value of 4. An earthquake measuring 8 or higher on the Richter scale caused total damage.
Earth will experience more than one million earthquakes a year. The vast majority of these measures or below 3.4 on the Richter scale and can not be felt by people. The planet continues to vibrate with the movement of tectonic forces. Full of heat and kinetic energy, the Earth has been resounding to the violence of the earthquakes of more than four million years. In recorded human history, large earthquakes have been responsible for some of the most horrific natural disasters. Knowing the exact time and place an earthquake will occur is still beyond the ability of scientists. However, to interpret the seismic activity and, possibly, to avoid unnecessary deaths, seismologists continuous monitoring of the tensions of the earth's crust. ultra sensitive instruments placed through flaws in the measure of the surface of the slow, almost imperceptible movement of the plates. Other instruments measure phenomena that appear precede earthquakes. These include changes in the tide and groundwater levels, fluctuations in the magnetic properties of rocks, and inflammation or inclination land. Peculiar behavior of animals has also been described by many earthquakes, and scientific investigation of this phenomenon has taken place.
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UK30134 Underwater Kinetics Dive Knife
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